DIFFERENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION
FORCEFULNESS OF IMPLEMENTATION
This photo shows how the China government is very determined to encourage people to adopt contraceptive methods and go through sterilization. (Propaganda)
China
In the 1950s and 60s, Mao Zedong , encouraged families to have more children and outlawed adoration and the adoption of contraceptive methods as more babies would boost the workforce and the rank of People's Liberation Army. However, this caused China's population to double from 500 million to almost a billion within 30 years. In order to bring about economic growth and meet economic goals, Deng Xiaoping would have to curb population growth at 1.2 billion. (Jian. 2013) He then implemented the one child policy, where couples in China were only allowed to have one child in urban areas and two child if the first one was a girl in the countryside as boys are needed to help in agricultural activities. Couples in the countryside tend to find boys more useful than girls thus if their first child is a girl, they are allowed to have another child to try for a boy.
In the 1950s and 60s, Mao Zedong , encouraged families to have more children and outlawed adoration and the adoption of contraceptive methods as more babies would boost the workforce and the rank of People's Liberation Army. However, this caused China's population to double from 500 million to almost a billion within 30 years. In order to bring about economic growth and meet economic goals, Deng Xiaoping would have to curb population growth at 1.2 billion. (Jian. 2013) He then implemented the one child policy, where couples in China were only allowed to have one child in urban areas and two child if the first one was a girl in the countryside as boys are needed to help in agricultural activities. Couples in the countryside tend to find boys more useful than girls thus if their first child is a girl, they are allowed to have another child to try for a boy.
China's one child policy has successfully prevented 400 million births, but the success of this policy is mainly due to it's forceful implementation. The China government upholds firm control of the means of reproduction, invading into the most confidential aspect of an individual's life by destroying relationships, traditional big family life and instilling fear. (Jian.2013) Women no longer had full control of their bodies as the state "owns" their reproductive organs by forcing them to undergo sterilization as well as abortion. Officials are given a monetary incentive if they meet abortion and sterilization quotas, leading to extortion and coercion. (All girls allowed. nd para 50)
Pregnant women who do not have birth permits will be prosecuted by population planning police in China and have to abort their babies involuntarily. The China government oversees and threatens women to go for involuntary abortions and sterilizations to an extent that it shocks people living in the free world. (Feuerberg. 2011) The consequences for breaking the rule are extremely dire. There were family planning jail cells and the houses of the violators were demolished even when the women misses a pregnancy check. Couples have to pay three times the amount of their annual incomes as fines and relatives of the violators could be fined too.
China adopted the mandatory way of implementing this policy as women were obliged to go through abortions, sterilizations and contraceptives. There are a few evidences to support this statement. Feng Jianmei was forced to abort her baby 7 months into the pregnancy in June 2012 (shown in photo).Another evidence is that Intra Uterine Device is the most advocated contraceptive method, however Ping Liu has a swelling right kidney, thus she had to opt for other contraceptive methods. This resulted in her factory's Family Planning Commission to keep a close eye on her, making sure that she is not pregnant. It even went to the extent of women having to undress in front of the birth planning doctor during their menstrual period to ensure that they are not pregnant. They were only allowed to collect their salaries after undergoing such careful examinations
Thus, the one child policy in China is extremely successful due to the heavy penalties as well as forceful contraceptive methods and abortion.
India
India's first five year plan started in 1951 to reduce birth rate by having a Family Planning Program. The approach taken was to provide more health services for family planning and inform people of the population problem. (Chandra, nd) After every five years, a new plan with new objectives will be devised to improve the conditions of India. After the implementation of the five year plan, from about 2.65 million births averted in 1971, 18 million births were averted in 2010. However, despite the fact that such a population policy is carried out, India's population is still growing rapidly and it will soon overtake China. Eve though fertility rates did drop, youth bulge is still a prominent problem in India. The reason behind why India's five year plan is not as successful as China's one child policy lies behind the way of implementation of the plan.
India's first five year plan started in 1951 to reduce birth rate by having a Family Planning Program. The approach taken was to provide more health services for family planning and inform people of the population problem. (Chandra, nd) After every five years, a new plan with new objectives will be devised to improve the conditions of India. After the implementation of the five year plan, from about 2.65 million births averted in 1971, 18 million births were averted in 2010. However, despite the fact that such a population policy is carried out, India's population is still growing rapidly and it will soon overtake China. Eve though fertility rates did drop, youth bulge is still a prominent problem in India. The reason behind why India's five year plan is not as successful as China's one child policy lies behind the way of implementation of the plan.
The India government focuses on catering high quality, economical and voluntary family planning advices, services and supplies in the communities. (Roberts, 2013) Since birth control was more of voluntary than the government forcing women to abort and sterilize, the number of women who goes through abortion and sterilization would be fewer too. The government did not have strict control of the means of reproduction, only giving out incentives and attractive monetary awards for women who was willing to undergo sterilization and abortion. Birth control methods were not forced upon women and there were no strict checkups to ensure than women have no more than one or two babies.
India's five year plan runs on the basis of optional sterilization. Even though incentives as such a week's worth of income and free electronic gadgets like television would be given, there were no dire consequences if they do not go through sterilization or abortions. (Please watch the attached video for more information on incentives). The main reason why women was willing to go through birth control was due to the cash given per sterilization. The poor desperately needs the money to support their family thus with the goal of having the money in mind, women were willing to sacrifice. One such evidence is that Rekha Nirmalkar, a mother of two volunteered immediately to go through sterilization surgery when the local health worker offered her twice the amount of her husband's salary. (Barry, Raj. 2014) Unlike China's government, who upholds strict measures just to ensure that women were not pregnant for a second time, India government is a lot more relaxed when dealing with women having more than one child.
The other fundamental factor for the lack in effectiveness of the plan is due to that fact that there are no heavy penalties or consequences if a person refuses to undergo contraception, abortion or sterilization. Even if there are punishments, the punishments are a lot less severe than punishments in China. For example, a couple is only denied government services if they have more than two children in India, which is considered very minor compared to heavy penalties in China. The India government has also officially removed female sterilization quotas in 1996 so this policy is even more laid back without very firm control. (Alfred. 2014)\
Thus, the five year plan implemented in India is not as successful due to a less sturdy control, optional sterilization and inconsequential penalties.
Thus, the five year plan implemented in India is not as successful due to a less sturdy control, optional sterilization and inconsequential penalties.
INCONSISTENCY OF PLANS
China
At the time when Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China in December 1978, China was in chaos due to the Cultural Revolution, with their per capita annual income being less than US$100 (Vogel, 2011). Before Deng Xiaoping took over, China’s economy was severely underdeveloped, birth rates were as high as four children per family,which leads to food shortages, lack of housing that led to famine and poor living conditions. Previously, China was under the leadership of Hua Guofeng after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, who started off the Cultural Revolution in China. In Mao’s times, he stood firm, siding with the revolutionary movements and battling against the revisionist counter-current.
When it was Deng Xiaoping’s era, he felt that Mao’s revolutions will not work for China and he provided the clear direction and political skill for China to succeed, by pacing the reforms, opening of markets, and developing closer relations with other leading modern countries to prepare for modernisation. He accomplished that through the many visits he paid to Japan, US and many other European countries, by doing so, he also helped Chinese overcome their negative feelings towards the other countries. He knew when to show the seriousness of Chinese determination to resist and make clear his stands to global issues or issues inflicted on China, to this, he was one who built relations with other countries cautiously so as to have a peaceful economic development with the globe and in ensuring that China continue to grow rapidly by the expansion of markets.
Other than the economic policies, Deng also enacted the one-child policy against Mao's wishes (Mosher, 2001). As a harsh movement to the push for economic reform by Deng, the government implemented the one-child policy to reduce the growth rate of China’s enormous population and to improve its economy by reducing poverty. The technical policy requires IUDs for women of childbearing age with one child, sterilization for couples with two children (usually performed on the woman), and abortions for women pregnant without authorization (Jian, 2013).
By the time he stepped down in 1992, several hundred million Chinese citizens had been lifted out of poverty, and China was rapidly becoming stronger, richer and more modern (Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line, 1986).
At the time when Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China in December 1978, China was in chaos due to the Cultural Revolution, with their per capita annual income being less than US$100 (Vogel, 2011). Before Deng Xiaoping took over, China’s economy was severely underdeveloped, birth rates were as high as four children per family,which leads to food shortages, lack of housing that led to famine and poor living conditions. Previously, China was under the leadership of Hua Guofeng after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, who started off the Cultural Revolution in China. In Mao’s times, he stood firm, siding with the revolutionary movements and battling against the revisionist counter-current.
When it was Deng Xiaoping’s era, he felt that Mao’s revolutions will not work for China and he provided the clear direction and political skill for China to succeed, by pacing the reforms, opening of markets, and developing closer relations with other leading modern countries to prepare for modernisation. He accomplished that through the many visits he paid to Japan, US and many other European countries, by doing so, he also helped Chinese overcome their negative feelings towards the other countries. He knew when to show the seriousness of Chinese determination to resist and make clear his stands to global issues or issues inflicted on China, to this, he was one who built relations with other countries cautiously so as to have a peaceful economic development with the globe and in ensuring that China continue to grow rapidly by the expansion of markets.
Other than the economic policies, Deng also enacted the one-child policy against Mao's wishes (Mosher, 2001). As a harsh movement to the push for economic reform by Deng, the government implemented the one-child policy to reduce the growth rate of China’s enormous population and to improve its economy by reducing poverty. The technical policy requires IUDs for women of childbearing age with one child, sterilization for couples with two children (usually performed on the woman), and abortions for women pregnant without authorization (Jian, 2013).
By the time he stepped down in 1992, several hundred million Chinese citizens had been lifted out of poverty, and China was rapidly becoming stronger, richer and more modern (Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line, 1986).
After Deng’s era, Jiang Zemin took over his position in 1993 till 2003. Firstly, during Jiang's leadership, the Chinese economy became more diverse and its markets gradually attracted foreign investment. Secondly, under his leadership, China survived the Asian financial crisis and saw a smooth return of the British colony of Hong Kong and of Portuguese-controlled Macao. In foreign policy, Jiang established good relations with Russia and the normalization of relations with the U.S. (Clibbon, 2011).
Succeeding Jiang would be Hu Jintao, whose main aims were to address China’s yawning inequalities and imbalances in ways that differed from the Jiang Zemin era, the huge differences between the rich and the poor across the country and the country’s economic growth especially after the collapse of Western export markets (Brown, 2012). When he is in office, Hu did not however, address the one child policy for which had lasted for 32 years by 2012, even if there was a widespread abandonment, infanticide, and forced abortions over the country (Alton, 2012).
After Hu stepped down in 2012, Xi Jinping took over him and is still in office. He believes that China will continue to be “peaceful in development,” pursuing towards achieving “win-win” outcomes for all concerned. With China’s rapid military modernization, sizeable year-on-year defense budget increases, and forthright assertion of its territorial claims, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that peaceful development acts as an important conceptual brake on a runaway military buildup (Johnson, 2014). On the other hand, China's top legislative committee formally approved a loosening of the country's hugely controversial one-child policy and abolished "re-education through labour" camps. Reforms to the one-child policy will allow couples where either parent has no siblings to have two children, easing the strict family planning policy imposed more than three decades ago to prevent overpopulation in the world's most populous nation (AFP, 2013)
Succeeding Jiang would be Hu Jintao, whose main aims were to address China’s yawning inequalities and imbalances in ways that differed from the Jiang Zemin era, the huge differences between the rich and the poor across the country and the country’s economic growth especially after the collapse of Western export markets (Brown, 2012). When he is in office, Hu did not however, address the one child policy for which had lasted for 32 years by 2012, even if there was a widespread abandonment, infanticide, and forced abortions over the country (Alton, 2012).
After Hu stepped down in 2012, Xi Jinping took over him and is still in office. He believes that China will continue to be “peaceful in development,” pursuing towards achieving “win-win” outcomes for all concerned. With China’s rapid military modernization, sizeable year-on-year defense budget increases, and forthright assertion of its territorial claims, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that peaceful development acts as an important conceptual brake on a runaway military buildup (Johnson, 2014). On the other hand, China's top legislative committee formally approved a loosening of the country's hugely controversial one-child policy and abolished "re-education through labour" camps. Reforms to the one-child policy will allow couples where either parent has no siblings to have two children, easing the strict family planning policy imposed more than three decades ago to prevent overpopulation in the world's most populous nation (AFP, 2013)
India
Starting from the release of India’s Fifth Five-Year Plan to the country’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan currently, the country underwent a series of changes in the political scene, with not only several changes in the political leaders, but also in the changes of the governing party.
When the Fifth Five-Year Plan was launched, D.D. Dhar placed importance on employment, poverty alleviation, self-reliance in agricultural production, defence and justice. It also aims to promote high rate of growth, better distribution of income and significant growth in the domestic rate of savings.
When Desai, the newly elected as the fifth Prime Minister from 1977 - 1979 (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015), the Morarji Desai government, led by the Janta Goverment, rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission. In 1978-1980, Janta Government introduced a new Sixth Year Plan. However, this plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 as they rose to pwoer and a new Sixth Plan was launched.
Starting from the release of India’s Fifth Five-Year Plan to the country’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan currently, the country underwent a series of changes in the political scene, with not only several changes in the political leaders, but also in the changes of the governing party.
When the Fifth Five-Year Plan was launched, D.D. Dhar placed importance on employment, poverty alleviation, self-reliance in agricultural production, defence and justice. It also aims to promote high rate of growth, better distribution of income and significant growth in the domestic rate of savings.
When Desai, the newly elected as the fifth Prime Minister from 1977 - 1979 (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015), the Morarji Desai government, led by the Janta Goverment, rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission. In 1978-1980, Janta Government introduced a new Sixth Year Plan. However, this plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 as they rose to pwoer and a new Sixth Plan was launched.
When Rajiv Ghandi, who is in the Congress Government, was elected as prime minister, he aimed for rapid industrial development, especially in the area of information technology. This marked the beginning of economic liberalisation where controlling of prices were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living.
The Seventh Five-Year Plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year (Rastogi, 2007), as a continuation of the previous plan.
Between 1989 and 1991, there was political instability in India and hence no Five Year Plan was implemented. In other words, the Eighth Plan could not be implemented in 1990 due to the rapid changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990-91 and 1991-92 were treated as Annual Plans.
Despite several changes of government and the demise of single party domination of national politics, the country’s economy has improved but inflation and worsening of payment were also present. Hence, the plan undertook drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%.
The Eighth Plan promotes upgrading of industrialization, the opening of the country's economy to the world, the control of population growth, reduction of poverty, rural development, promoting strong employment, strengthening of the infrastructure, institutional building, better manage tourism, NGOs, agricultural services, people’s participation and human resource development in India. Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the plan (Siddiqua, 2013).
The Seventh Five-Year Plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year (Rastogi, 2007), as a continuation of the previous plan.
Between 1989 and 1991, there was political instability in India and hence no Five Year Plan was implemented. In other words, the Eighth Plan could not be implemented in 1990 due to the rapid changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990-91 and 1991-92 were treated as Annual Plans.
Despite several changes of government and the demise of single party domination of national politics, the country’s economy has improved but inflation and worsening of payment were also present. Hence, the plan undertook drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%.
The Eighth Plan promotes upgrading of industrialization, the opening of the country's economy to the world, the control of population growth, reduction of poverty, rural development, promoting strong employment, strengthening of the infrastructure, institutional building, better manage tourism, NGOs, agricultural services, people’s participation and human resource development in India. Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the plan (Siddiqua, 2013).
EXPENDITURE OF EIGHTH PLAN 1992-1997
GRAPH INDEX:
$ AGRI and SERVICES INCLUDES AGRICULTURAL and ALLIED SERVICES and IRRIGATION AND FLOOD CONTROL
* OTHERS INCLUDE COMMUNICATIONS, SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY and ENVIRONMENT, GENERAL ECONOMIC SERVICES and GENERAL SERVICES
http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/arep9099/index.php?repts=ar94-95.htm
The Ninth Plan was implemented from 1997 to 2002. It was developed to address the people's quality of life, the country's generation of productive employment, the country's balance in the region and self-reliance. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan promoted economic, social growth and social support. In addition, both economic and infrasture development in rural and urban areas were also made from the general public and government agencies. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured India’s ability to proceed on the path of a more rapid development.
The Tenth Plan was from 2002-2007 with its main objective on reduction of poverty rate, attaining higher GDP growth while at the same time, creating a friendly, amiable, pleasant investment environment and reduction in gender gaps. This is to renovate the nation extensively, making it competent enough with some of the fastest growing economies across the globe (Economy Watch, 2010), taking up a resolution for immediate implementation of all the policies formulated in the past Five Year Plans. The Tenth Plan was approved by the National Development Council (NDC) (The Times of India, 2002). The prime minister governing India between the year of 2002-2017 was Manmohan Singh (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015), and therefore his focus was more on the resurgence of our rural economy and a more inclusive and balanced growth model which he believes will create wealth for the people (The Business Year, 2015)
The Eleventh Plan was from 2007-2012, mainly focusing on rapid and inclusive growth, poverty reduction, reduction of gender inequality, environmental sustainability, reduction of total fertility rate as well as education. During this period of time, there was no change in the main political leader, Manmohan Singh, which brings about a smooth continuation from The Tenth Plan.
The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017) of the Government of India has decided for the growth rate at 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 Dec 2012 approved of 8% growth rate instead. India’s government intends to reduce poverty by 10%. Currently, the prime minister in the government is Narendra Modi and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan in which he is administering is to aim for a faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth for India (RCUK Administrator, 2013).
The Tenth Plan was from 2002-2007 with its main objective on reduction of poverty rate, attaining higher GDP growth while at the same time, creating a friendly, amiable, pleasant investment environment and reduction in gender gaps. This is to renovate the nation extensively, making it competent enough with some of the fastest growing economies across the globe (Economy Watch, 2010), taking up a resolution for immediate implementation of all the policies formulated in the past Five Year Plans. The Tenth Plan was approved by the National Development Council (NDC) (The Times of India, 2002). The prime minister governing India between the year of 2002-2017 was Manmohan Singh (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015), and therefore his focus was more on the resurgence of our rural economy and a more inclusive and balanced growth model which he believes will create wealth for the people (The Business Year, 2015)
The Eleventh Plan was from 2007-2012, mainly focusing on rapid and inclusive growth, poverty reduction, reduction of gender inequality, environmental sustainability, reduction of total fertility rate as well as education. During this period of time, there was no change in the main political leader, Manmohan Singh, which brings about a smooth continuation from The Tenth Plan.
The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017) of the Government of India has decided for the growth rate at 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 Dec 2012 approved of 8% growth rate instead. India’s government intends to reduce poverty by 10%. Currently, the prime minister in the government is Narendra Modi and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan in which he is administering is to aim for a faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth for India (RCUK Administrator, 2013).